Doping engineering on carbons as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the key for development of clean and sustainable fuel cells. However, ORR sluggish kinetics, thereby it remains a grand challenge to develop high-activity, low-cost, long-durability electrocatalysts facilitate process practical application. The introduction dopants into/on carbon skeleton known as an efficient route obtain novel metal-free electrocatalyst ORR. Tremendous studies have been performed on synthesis, structural characterization, catalytic performance mechanism doped carbons in last decade. In this review, progress doping engineering including types (heteroatom doping, charge-transfer defective doping) configurations heteroatom-doped with corresponding will be mainly focused. And challenges perspectives future are given.